清代六科给事中制度之式微

A Probe to the Decadence of Qing Dynasty's Jishizhong

给事中制度是我国封建社会监察立法的重要组成部分。经过两千余年尤其是汉、唐、宋、明诸朝的发展,给事中取得了包括封驳、言谏、监督、稽核等诸多重要权力,为维护统治秩序、保障政治经济的稳定发展发挥了重要作用。而到清代,给事中制度不仅从机构、人员、品位等直观方面明显式微,而且从其职权方面看,言谏职能丧失、封驳无从行使、稽核成为具文。清代给事中制度从形式到内容都全面式微的原因,在于君主专制集权的强化注定了其监察作用不能充分发挥,由此给事中就不得不由"言官"向"监官"转化,其职权被侵凌,作用遭轻视,制度变迁缓慢,并终被历史抛弃。考查这一过程,我们认识到:监察制度必须建立健全,监察立法必须扎根于民主,监察系统必须有分工合作,尤其是必须依法监察、依法治监,使其运行法治化。

As an essential part of ancient China's supervisory system, Jishizhong of the Six Ke decayed in Qing Dynasty. Directly seeing, its formation had been cancled, its personnel number reduced, social status lowered. But more important is its decadence of power. Its advice had not been taken seriously; its checking power had been defaced. After checking the facts of its decadence and analyzing the reasons, this paper put forwards some useful points to today's supervisory system.