摘要
在景观水平的管理中,为了保护具有代表性和连接成片的生境网络,以达到维持生物多样性的目的,就必须在不同规模上将保护、经营和生境恢复等几项工作有机结合。我们认为将自然和社会科学融为一体的两维缺陷分析方法是实施生物多样性政策的有效工具。这个工具把与生物相关的"水平"生态学问题与"垂直"的制度体制和其它社会问题有机结合考虑。以森林生物多样性为例,本文将演示如何将与生物多样性保护有关的生态学和制度等方面的问题综合考虑,从而促进整个区域发展的环境可持续性。尤其,我们用区域性缺陷分析方法,即先确定对"绿色基础设施"起功能性连接作用的重点森林类型和生境模型,以此作为工具进行"水平"缺陷分析。就"垂直"范围而论,通过鉴别政策实施中的体制性障碍我们指出社会科学如何用于在实际景观范围内评估生物多样性政策实施是否成功。研究表明,多学科间的合作方法能应用于其它各类环境,包括其它陆生生物和水生生态系统,在这些生态系统中,重要栖息地的连接性、对栖息地丧失的非线性响应,以及社会和经济问题在同一景观内交织在一起。
The maintenance of biodiversity by securing representative and well-connected habitat networks in managed landscapes requires a wise combination of protection, management,and restoration of habitats at several scales.We suggest that the integration of natural and social sciences in the form of 'Two-dimensional gap analysis' is an efficient tool for the implementation of biodiversity policies.The tool links biologically relevant 'horizontal' ecological issues with 'vertical' issues related to institutions and other societal issues.Using forest biodiversity as an example, we illustrate how one can combine ecological and institutional aspects of biodiversity conservation,thus facilitating environmentally sustainable regional development. In particular,we use regional gap analysis for identification of focal forest types, habitat modelling for ascertaining the functional connectivity of 'green infrastructures', as tools for the horizontal gap analysis.For the vertical dimension we suggest how the social sciences can be used for assessing the success in the implementation of biodiversity policies in real landscapes by identifying institutional obstacles while implementing policies.We argue that this interdisciplinary approach could be applied in a whole range of other environments including other terrestrial biota and aquatic ecosystems where functional habitat connectivity,nonlinear response to habitat loss and a multitude of economic and social interests co-occur in the same landscape.
