全球石油市场中的政府与石油企业

The Relationship Between Governments and Petroleum Enterprises in the Context of Global Oil Markets

作为世界上最大的贸易市场和最大的全球性产业,石油工业对现代社会经济发展的影响有增无减。各个国家由于制度不同、经济发展和产业发展阶段不同、资源条件不同和政策取向不同,对石油工业采取了不同的管理体制和监管体系。政府对石油行业的正确监管十分重要,但并非越多越好,要正确认识监管必须认清监管的独立性、社会性、经济性、阶段性以及特殊性。基于全球石油工业的所有制安排和政府监管的特点,借鉴国外成熟市场的经验并结合国内油气市场发展现状与存在的问题,对中国未来的油气工业市场化改革提出以下政策建议:1)油气工业的改革要法治先行和建立监管机构先行;2)转变政府管理观念和管理体制,实行有效、公开和透明的监管;3)区分市场和政府的不同定位,例如,保障石油安全是政府的天职,但是安全并不等同于政府控制。

A s the largest trade market and industry around the world, the petroleum industry exerts an increasing influence on the development of the modern social economy. With different systems, and at varying stages of economic and industrial development, along with their individual resources and policy orientations, various countries adopt differing administration and regulation systems. Regulation is necessary to ensure the smooth development of the oil industry. It is not, however, a case of 'the more, the better'. To have a correct understanding of the regulations, it is necessary to clearly outline the independence, social responsibility, economic efficiency, state of development and, particularly the method of monitoring. On the basis of the ownership arrangements of the global petroleum industry and under reference to adopted practices in established foreign markets, and in combination with the development status and other particulars of the domestic oil/ gas market, the author proposes the following policy suggestions on the future market-based reform of the oil/gas industry. 1) Establishment of the legal systems and the supervisory institutions shall come before the reform of the oil/gas industry. 2) The concept and system of government regulations should be altered to implement effective, open and transparent supervision. 3) Position the market and government as separate entities.