谈清代汉学对史学思想的影响

On the Influence of the Han School of Qing Dynasty upon Historical Thinking

清代,汉学对史学有重要影响。汉学对宋明理学空疏学风的批评,导致了史学领域重考证、轻议论的治史风格的形成。经学上反对空言义理、主张训诂明而义理明,与史学上反对横生议论、主张史实真而是非见的观点在思维模式上是相同的。汉学治经的方法被运用到史学上,丰富了治史方法,使史家克服了以往依靠个人的学识主观先验地凭事理推测、鉴别史料方法的局限,构建了一套行之有效的操作程序,对于史学的客观化起了推动作用。在历史编纂学上,史家反对宋儒所重视的《春秋》笔法和正统论,也是受了汉学的影响,折射出宋清间史学由重阐发向重事实的转变。由于受汉学的影响,乾嘉时期的史家在解释历史发展时,已很少再执著于“天理”、“心性”这种纲常名分标准来评价历史事物。当然,汉学过分强调考证辨伪为“实”、分析评论为“虚”,也严重限制了史家宏观把握历史的能力。

The Han school had an important influence on the study of history in Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, it criticized Nec-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties so violently that the style of paying attention to textual criticism and looking down on discussing in history field was formed. Such kind of research method in the study of classics made the study more objective. On the other hand, its influence on Historical Compilation is that the historians begin to go against the method of writing CHUNQIU and the orthodox opinion, which Nec-Confucianism pays attention to. According to these influences, we can understand that theoretical history changes to real fact. And the historians don't discuss historical fact with standard of TIANLI and XINXING any more when they are explaining the development of history.