关于官话方言早期发展的一些想法

Some Thoughts on the Early Development of Mandarin

本文的前半部分(1)用入声有没有分化这个条件把现代的官话方言区分为南北两系。(2)说明南北两系官话在两宋、金、元、明、清这一千年间的相互消长。(3)进而支持吕叔湘先生的两个说法：(i)“北宋的时候，中原的方言还是属于南方系；现在的北方系官话的前身只是燕京一带的一个小区域的方言”，(ii)北系官话复数词尾用“每”，南系官话用“们”(“门”、“懑”)。后半部分说明(4)官话方言充分而必要的条件是中晚唐已经发生的(甲)日母、微母非鼻音化，(乙)全浊上变去，(丙)第三人称代词用“他”。(5)用这三个标准，可以说明(A)现在的杭州话是一种保守的南系官话，(B)晋语是官话的一种次方言，(C)官话方言在第八、九世纪已经形成。(6)吕先生说：“我们建议把近代汉语的开始定在晚唐五代即第九世纪。”依照(C)项结论，近代汉语的开始就是官话方言的开始。

This paper proposes that Mandarin dialects can be divided into two basic types, those in which the ru (入) tone has not split and those in which it has. The first type includes the Jianghuai dialects and Southwest Mandarin and may be traced to the southern type of Mandarin which flourished during the Song-Yuan Period. The second type includes the rest and may be traced to the northern type of Mandarin of earlier times. This paper also proposes three necessary and sufficient conditions for Mandarin dialects. 1) The denasalization of the two initials represented by 日 and 微 in the Song rime tables. 2) The shift of shang (上) tone words with voiced obstruent initials to the (lower) qu (去) category. 3) The use of ta (他) and its cognates as the third person pronoun. On the basis of these three criteria, it is shown that although Hangzhou dialect has a few Wu-like features, it is basically a southern type of transplanted from the north. It is also shown that Mandarin as a dialect group was already in existence in the eighth or ninth century, that is, in the middle of the Tang dynasty.