起源性的缺乏——论德里达的“补充”与海德格尔的“在场”

The Absence of Origin——On "Supplement" of Derrida and "Presence" of Heidegger

尼采、海德格尔和德里达构成了三位一体的后现代思想的前提 ,建构富有活力的后现代话语依然有必要回到解构主义 ,因而需要梳理他们在一些共同论题上的内在联系 ,特别是海德格尔与德里达的关系 ,这是深入把握解构主义必须进入的领域。把德里达的“起源缺乏”与海德格尔对在场的论说相联系 ,可以看出德里达的这一思想是在与海德格尔持续展开批判性对话中来阐发的。海德格尔一方面解构了西方形而上学历史中的“在场”谬误 ,另一方面他要寻求早期希腊思想中的“在场”所具有的真理性。而在德里达看来 ,一切起源都是不可靠的 ,都是补充和替换的结果。西方形而上学的理性历史 ,就是通过对起源之空缺的填补 ,而后展开其历史性。德里达将这样的起源与历史性放置到补充与延异构成的场域中 ,对于他来说 ,起源与历史性只能在“延异”中加以阐释。

The unified thoughts of Nietzsche, Heidegger and Derrida is an essential precondition for postmodernism, in order to build a strong discourse of postmodernist, it is necessary to go back to deconstructionism, therefore we must to co-relate them internally at certain common topic, especially the relationship between Heidegger and Derrida is a key to go deep into the field of deconstruction. This paper shall try to explore Derrida's thoughts on ″the absence of origin″, in relation to Heidegger's views on (″Presence″), we can find that Derrida continues running a critical dialogue with Heidegger in the course of explaining his view. Since the word ″being″ had been filled fully by aftertime metaphysics, Heidegger was going to trace to its source and to find out the original situation of being in Greece thought. Heidegger think that the history of being origin from the situation of forget. He try to find out the foremost originality, he make out the original un-hide (Un-verborgenheit mit) from the thought of presence (Anwesen) of Greece, in which it is extence deposit in being situation, and it is being arouse the situation of existence. Heidegger, with his destruction of western metaphysics, of onto-theology, of the determination of ″Being as presence″, he needs to seek the truth of ″Being as presence″ in Greek thought. Derrida argues that this movement of play, instituted by ″the absence of an origin″, is the movement of ″Supplementary″ and ″Substitution″. The movement of rational history of western metaphysics went through a supplement of the absence of origin. According to Derrida, a historical origin can only be explained in the field of ″Difference″ and ″Supplement″. If supplement is substituted with the absence of originality, and the substitution which is impossible to be replace, that this suplement will breed substitution, by which it is endless process of difference. Therefore, ″supplement ″ conception is not only indicate deconstruction of originality of presence, moreover promise that exertion of strategy result in effect of deconstruction in discause practice.Apparently the explanation of Derrida is more to be inclined to literary context, the logic of philosophy has been changed into a literary rhetoric. The invention of origin has moved the truth into an activity of metaphor, the afterwards logical order has changed into the supplementary and substitution process of metaphor.