战时日本对外决策机制探析

On the Process of Determination of Japan's Foreign Policy in Wartime

战时日本对外政策制定主要分为两种决策运作模式临机性合议决策模式和内面性指导决策模式。在前者的运作过程中,陆、海军、外务省,都不具有对外政策的最终决定权,他们对外交的影响力,一般被限制在辅弼或辅翼的职责范围内。然而各派的政策主张还是借助御前会议、大本营政府联络会议或四(五)相会议的平台,在反复折冲的和议中,彼此包容地存在下来;在后者的运作过程中,天皇通过直接的幕后指示或元老、宫内大臣的襄助,贯彻了自己的政策理念,体现了作为国家最高决策者的权威,从而达到了以“亲临”的名义,实现“亲政”最大化的目的。

The process of determination of Japan's foreign policy is mainly divided into two kinds of decision operation modes in wartime: strategy adoption mode based on provisional and adjustable jointly-conference and strategy adoption mode based on internally-oriented direction. In the course of operation of the former, both the army, Navy and Gaimusho (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) have no authority to make final decision on foreign policy. Their influence on the diplomatic policy is generally confined to in complementing and assisting, but their policies and views coexist tolerably after the negotiation of repeating contradicts &compromises on king's council, base camp-government association council and four-or five-premier council. In the course of the latter's operation, Mikado carries out his own policy ideas by giving direct undeclared prescriptions or with the assisting of viziers and ministers, ensuring his supreme policymaker's authority and thus has accomplished the purpose of maximizing 'reign of Mikado ' in the name of 'coming to personally '.