股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血性坏死的发生及转归

The incidence and prognosis of avascular necrosis of femoral head after operation of femoral neck fractures

目的探讨股骨颈骨折内固定术后股骨头缺血性坏死的发生及转归。方法对1993年1月至1999年12月间于北京积水潭医院创伤骨科行内固定治疗的137例股骨颈骨折患者资料进行了回顾性研究;年龄17～77岁,平均49.1岁;男79例,女58例。按股骨颈骨折Garden分型:Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型23例,Ⅲ型71例,Ⅳ型38例,1例未分型。闭合复位134例,切开复位3例。随访14～95个月,平均49.1个月。结果截至2001年1月,发生股骨头缺血性坏死者51例(37.2%),发展成晚期塌陷者33例(24.1%)。49例(96.1%)病变在伤后5年内发现,伤后第2年和第3年发现的例数最多。活动受限是股骨头缺血性坏死最常见的临床症状,其次为跛行和疼痛;晚期塌陷组中约有30%的病例没有明确疼痛主诉,但平均Harris评分低于早期坏死组。股骨头缺血性坏死及晚期塌陷发生的相关因素分析表明:骨折的移位程度和骨折的复位质量(包括对线和对位)均对病变的发生具有显著影响(P<0.05);而60岁以上者有较低的股骨头缺血性坏死发生率及晚期塌陷率,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对X线片的分析提示股骨头缺血性坏死早期病变的位置与预后可能存在一定关系。结论股骨颈骨折患者术后应至少随访5年,伤后2～3年应密切观察。股骨颈骨折的原始移位程度是决定骨折术后是否发生股骨头缺血性坏死的主要因素。

Objective To study the incidence and prognosis of avascular necrosis of femoral head after internal fixation of femoral neck fractures. Methods 137 cases of femoral neck fracture treated with internal fixation between January 1993 and December 1999 were evaluated retrospectively. The average age was 49.1 years ( range, 17-77 years ). According to Garden classification, 4 cases were of stageⅠ; 23 of Ⅱ; 71 of Ⅲ; 38 of Ⅳ. One case could not be classified. The mean duration of follow-up was 49.1 months with a range from 14 to 95 months. Results Until January 2001, avascular necrosis of the femoral head was found in 51 cases (37.2%), among them late collapse occurred in 33 cases (24.1%). Avascular changes of the femoral head were found within 5 years after injury in most of the cases. The common clinical findings in the patients with avascular necrosis were: limited motion, limp and pain. Even if segmental collapse developed, about 30% patients had no complaint of pain, but the average Harris score was obviously lower than that of the patients without collapse. Statistical results showed that the related factors influencing the prognosis of avascular necrosis and late collapse were: degree of displacement of the fracture and quality of reduction. The location and extent of necrotic area were markably related to the development of late collapse. Conclusion Follow-up after operation of femoral neck fracture is important, it should be taken at least for 5 years. Close and thoughtful examination is recommended, especially in the 2nd to 3rd year after injury.