跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症分析

The analysis of complications following internal fixation of the intra-articular calcaneal fractures

目的探讨跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症的发生原因、预防和对策。方法随访1997年1月至2002年7月,采用切开复位+“Y”形钢板内固定伴必要时自体植骨治疗的Ⅱ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折54例共59足。根据Sanders分型:Ⅱ型20足,Ⅲ型24足,Ⅳ型15足。术中侧位X线透视观察Bhler角和Gissane角,Broden位透视观察后关节面的恢复情况。皮瓣下放置引流以防止术后血肿形成。围手术期常规应用抗生素防止感染。所有病例随访时间9～48个月,平均17个月。结果采用Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果:优30足,良21足,可6足,差2足,优良率为86.4%。发生明确的早期并发症4足,发生率6.8%,其中皮肤边缘坏死2足,感染1足,腓肠神经损伤1足。远期发生明显慢性疼痛2足(3.4%)。结论跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术并发症与跟骨解剖特点和跟骨骨折机制有关。以下措施可有效减少并发症的发生:选择适当的手术时机,术前作周密计划和准备,术中采用全厚皮瓣并避免过分牵拉和反折,复位后通过植骨来支撑关节面骨折块及提高内固定的牢固程度,术后石膏固定并抬高患肢,围手术期应用抗生素。出现并发症后,可根据情况作相应处理。

Objective To discuss the complications following internal fixation of intra-articular calcaneal fractures and its prevention and treatment. Methods From January 1997 to July 2002, 59 sides of calcaneal fractures in 54 patients were treated with open reduction and Y-shaped plate fixation through lateral approach, most of them supplemented by autogenous bone grafting. According to Sanders classification, 20 sides were accounted for typeⅡ, 24 for type Ⅲ, 15 for type Ⅳ. During operation, lateral roentgenograms were made to assess Bler angle and Gissane angle, Broden view was made to evaluate congruency of the posterior facet. The wounds were drained underneath the lateral flap to prevent hematoma formation. Perioperative antibiotics were used routinely. All the cases were followed-up for an average of 17 months(range, 9 to 48 months). Results The clinical results were evaluated according to Maryland Foot Score, excellent results achieved in 30 cases, good in 21, fair in 6, poor in 2; excellent and good rate was 86.4%. Early complications were found in 4 cases(6.8%). Among them, 2 cases of wound necrosis were treated with suture after resection of necrotic tissue or covered with flap grafts, 1 case of wound infection recovered after dressing changes, 1 case of sural nerve injury recovered uncompletely without any special treatment. Late complications were found in 2 cases(3.4%) with obvious chronic pain, the patients were treated by subtalar arthrodesis and relieved from pain later. Conclusion The complications of internal fixation to fractures are related to anatomic features of calcaneus and their injury mechanism. Serious complications can be minimized in several ways as follows: optimal time for operation and preoperative design should be carefully considered, a full-thickness flap is recommended in avoidance of excessive distraction, bone grafting is needed to support intra-articular fracture fragments and to enhance the stability of internal fixation, the affected extremity should be immobilized by plaster and elevated, and perioperative use of antibiotics.The appropriate management should be taken in cases of complications.