从楚公逆钟铭文论到西周的方伯制度

Fangbo System in the Western Zhou Dynasty Based on the Inscription on Ni Zhong——the Revered Mr. Chu

西周的方伯 ,或称侯伯 ,是介于周王 (周天子 )与诸侯之间的、对周王朝政治疆域内某些地区有征伐权力的一方诸侯之长。方伯的形成有两种途径 ,一是周王朝授予 ,如齐国 ;一是自己强大后造成既成事实 ,或可能得到周王朝承认 ,如楚国、徐国。方伯出现在西周初期 ,是商朝方伯制度的继续。方伯的存在使西周政治地理格局从一开始在某些地区就形成了周王—方伯—诸侯的三级结构。学术界长期忽视对西周方伯制度的研究。晋侯墓出土的楚公逆钟铭文为研究西周方伯提供了珍贵资料 ,结合文献 ,对西周方伯制度的形成、特点、方伯与周王。

Fangbo in the Western Zhou dynasty, is a chief regional prince , who held the power to go on a punitive expeditions in some political regions of Zhou dynasty and whose power just lay between King of Zhou and other princes under an emperor. There are two channels in terms of Fangbo's formation: the first one was formed by being enfeoffed by rulers in Zhou dynasty e.g. the state of Qi; the second was the outcome of Fangbo's being powerful which presented a fait accompli, or it might be acknowledged by Zhou dynasty, e.g. the state of Chu and Xu. Fangbo system was practised in the early Western Zhou dynasty and was the continuation of Fangbo policy in Shang dynasty. The occurrence of Fangbo system resulted in a three-grade structure (King of Zhou-Fangbo-nobles) of the political and geographical pattern of the Western Zhou dynasty in some areas from the very beginning. However, the academic circle hasn't given due attention to the study of Fangbo system of the Western Zhou dynast for long. The unearthed inscription on Ni Zhong--the revered Mr. Chu from the grave of Princ of Jin has provided valuable material for studying Fangbo system of the Western Zhou dynasty. In the light of the document, the article has made a preliminary survey of Fangbo system concerning its formation, features and the relation between Fangbo, King of Zhou and ordinary princes under an emperor.