保护区与社区关系协调:方法和实践经验

Harmonization of protected areas management and local development: methods,practices and lessons.

保护区的持续存在和发展必须得到当地居民的支持和认可。从理论上讲 ,保护区和社区之间的关系在区域尺度上表现为保护成本和收益分配不均衡 ,在保护区内表现为保护和发展之间的冲突。在实践上 ,保护区的管理模式已经从以前传统的强制性保护转向比较公开、民主的保护模式 ,比较典型的方法包括生物圈保护区、综合保护和发展项目 (ICDPs)以及基于社区的自然资源管理 (CBNRM )。通过多年的实践 ,上述方法取得了许多经验和教训 ,目前已在三个方面达成共识 :社区和社区行为在理论和实践中不一致、社区居民与其他利益群体之间的协调机制以及项目实施所必需的支持 /保障机制。本文对国内外协调保护区与社区关系的方法和实践经验等进行分析和总结 ,以期为改善我国自然保护区的管理 ,实现可持续发展提供借鉴。

Protected area,as a main measure for biodiversity conservation,can not develop in a sustainable way without supports and recognitions of local people.In theory,the relationship between protected area and local community was showned as unfair distribution of conservation benefit and cost at different scales.While at the scale of protected area,it was showed as the conflict between conservation and development.In practice,the protected area management has changed from the traditional compulsory protection into the people-centered orientation.Biosphere Reserves,ICDPs (Integrated conservation and Development Projects) and CBNRM (Community-Based Nature Resource Management) have been put into practice to harmonize the relationship between protected area and local community.After years of implementation,there still exist some problems,which include the inconsistence between concepts and practices on the regulation of communities and their human activities,the conflict resolution mechanisms of local people and other relevant stakeholders and the lack of a supporting mechanism which ensures the implementation of protection.The paper gave a detailed analysis and summarization for the methods,practice and experiences of different ways to reconcile protected area management and local people,and to realize sustainable development.