形式规则还是心理模型——演绎推理过程中两种判断标准的比较研究

Formal Rules Vs Mental Models in Reasoning: A Comparative Study of the Two Theories

演绎推理是人类独有的高级认知活动。然而心理学家对于人们是如何进行推理的一直存在两种不同意见:有人认为推理是依赖于形式规则进行的;而另一些人则认为推理是依赖于心理模型的语义过程。对这两种判断标准理论进行分析和研究,心理模型理论在如下三个方面优于形式规则理论:一是心理模型理论比形式规则理论适用的范围更广;二是心理模型理论对无效判断更为关注;三是心理模型理论关注系统错误。

The ability to make deductive inferences is a key component of human thinking. Psychologists have argued about how people reason for many years. Some say that it depends on formal rules of inference; Others say that it depends on mental models. This paper compares these two theories. At last, we get the conclusion that there are three arguments that favor the mental model theory at the formal rule theories. The first argument is that the mental theory has a much wider purview than the rule theory. The second argument concerns judgments of invalidity. The third argument concerns systematic errors.