“所有”的语法特性——一幅不完全的图像———维特根斯坦关于“所有”的一些看法

The Grammar of "All"——An Incomplete Picture

关于"所有的天鹅都是白色的"这种"所有"式命题中的"所有(all)",维特根斯坦指出:"所有"不是基于现实世界的列举和归纳所得的命题形式,而是建立在可能性基础上的假言逻辑形式;作为一种逻辑形式,它是完全的(但不是全体或"所有的"),但是,作为一种描述世界的形式(陈述),它又是不完全的,它是一幅关于世界的不完全图像;"所有"的语言表述形式是一种无否定性后缀的语句形式;"所有"不同于"所有的",它相当于语词"任何"的语法功用。据此,维特根斯坦认为,科学命题是假设而不是陈述,它是不可证实的,我们能证实的最多只是它的不同截面。

From Wittgenstein's point of view, The 'All' of the sentence 'All swans are white' is not a propositional form which comes from Enumeration and Induction based on actuality, but a hypothetical propositional form based on possibility.It is a complete form in logic,but an incomplete picture as a statement; The expression of 'All' in our language is not a sentence with a negative suffix (as Russell has said). The use of 'All' is similar to that of 'any'. Scientific propositions are not statements which can be verified, they are hypothesis with only some aspects which can be verified.