美国联邦文官考试制度的起源及其历史演变

The Origin and Historical Evolution of the Civil Service Competitive Examination in American Federal Government

考试制度是美国联邦文官制度的核心。19 世纪中后期美国联邦政府实行文官考试制度伊始,这一制度在一个多世纪的历史发展中不断得到调整与完善。从1883年《彭德尔顿法》颁布时所确立的“实用性”原则与“专才”结构、20世纪中期从理论上到实践中所增加的“通才”考试内容、20 世纪后期取消对以黑人为主的少数种族在考试方式方法上的歧视以及新旧世纪之交加强文官主管机构(联邦人事管理总署)对考试的责任,进一步反映出美国文官考试制度的发展与演变。

The Civil service competitive examination is the core of American civil service. This system has been gradually adjusted and perfected since mid and late of the 19th century. It reflects its development and evolution from practicalities and specialists founded by Pendleton Act of 1883, the generalities increased in 1950's, the reforming examination methods in order to be beneficial to minorities in late of 20th century, the heavy burden of examination on Federal Personnel Management Office in early of new century.