药用植物羌活现状及其民族植物学调查

Present Situation and Ethno botany Survey of Chinese and Tibetan Traditional Medicinal Plants of Notopterygium

羌活为重要的传统中药和藏药常用药材 ,大量的汉藏药方和成药均作为重要的配伍药材加以使用。羌活传统产区主要是藏族、羌族和其它少数民族的聚居的高寒山区 ,经济较为落后 ,交通不便。由于难以驯化栽培 ,药材来源主要依赖野生资源采挖 ,但由于受到种子发育不完全、后熟期长等本身繁殖特性的限制 ,羌活繁殖和种群恢复主要是通过无性繁殖实现 ,野生资源恢复受到严重制约。道地产区的调查发现 ,羌活野生生境正受到前所未有的破坏 ,包括生境丧失、破碎化、土壤退化、土地利用模式改变和环境变化等 ;调查还发现近年来羌活药材价格与采挖量之间的关系 ,以及当地民族植物学方面的状况。羌活野生资源的破坏受到利益驱使、致使采挖时间和方式等利用模式发生改变 ,极不利于羌活野生资源的保存和种群恢复 ,若不规范羌活野生资源的利用和引种驯化 ,进行人工栽培 ,羌活野生资源不但难以实现可持续利用 ,而且还将遭到毁灭性破坏 ,并有灭绝的危险。本文最后提出了药用羌活属植物的保护性开发和可持续利用可能途径。

Notopterygium H.Boiss,an endemic genus of China,is an important genus of medicinal plants widely used in Chinese medicine.There are more than 200 traditional Chinese medicinal prescriptions and 150 Tibetan prescriptions dosed wind dried rhizoma of Notopterygium,usually N.incisum preferably.The herbal medicine relies completely on natural resource in its wild habitat in western Sichuan,Tibet,Qinghai,and Gansu.The finished product of high quality rhizoma with mainly come out in the cold regions with high altitude in the northwestern Sichuan Province.In Ganzi,Aba prefectures of Tibetan and Qiang faced with more and more pressures and problems from economic,ecological and cultural aspects,many natural medicinal plants resources are over explored in recent years.Reproduction mechanism,resources status,habitat status,ethno botanic knowledge,conservation on site and translocating approaches of Notopterygium,N.incisum mostly,is surveyed in this paper.The results indicates that the genus of medicinal plants is endangered most seriously by unprecedented deforestation,fuel wood collection,ecosystem deterioration by overgrazing,natural habitat fragmentation,and overexploited driven by economy benefits in recent twenty years,especially in the past ten years,plus low germination of seeds,poor capability of population regeneration after harvesting,nowadays core distribution zone of N.incisum goes up to 4000m alt.from 2500 m in the 1980s,and the species is faced with extinction in the coming few years due to lack of matured plants for sexual reproduction and rhizome for agamogenesis.Inappropriate human activities are one of the key driving forces causing the herbal species over exploited and endangerment.Public awareness should be promoted and some measures should be tested and policies should be made out for the on site conservation and transplanting conservation of endangered species.