鄂温克语形态类型的对比分析

Comparison and Analysis on Pattern Types of the Ewenki Language

语言类型的总体差异表现为具体结构参项的差异 ,因此可以通过对不同语言中相同结构参项的对比分析 ,描述语言之间的类型差异。本文用 12 0个话语句子文本做样本 ,对 7种典型的构词构形参项做了类型指数的统计 ,并通过与类型上有较大差别的汉语和英语的对比 ,描述鄂温克语在综合—分析语、粘着—融合语、合成—孤立语、派生—单纯语、屈折—非屈折语、前缀—后缀语、虚词—非虚词语等形态类型上的类属。文章还尝试根据类型参项的蕴涵关系对语言进行整体的分类。

Since the general differences of linguistic types are represented as concrete reference items of their structures, the type differences between languages can be described through comparison and analysis on the common reference items of structure in different languages. Giving 120 sentences as samples, this paper counts the type indexes of reference items of seven kinds of typical word-formation and configuration, and also, through the comparison between Chinese and English which are different obviously in types, describes the attribute of the pattern types of synthesizing-analyzing words?agglutinative-compromising words?combining-apart words?deriving-pure words? inflexional-noninflexional language? prefix-suffix words?function-nonfunction words and such of the Ewenki language. Another try of this paper is to entirely classify languages according to the inner relations of type's reference items.