关于满语第一人称复数代词

On the First Person Plural Pronouns in Manchu

本文主要对满语书面语第一人称复数代词的排除式和包括式的区别特征进行重新讨论,该区别特征一般来讲是否包括听话者来定,至少有关文献资料中存在与此相关的内容。在下文中将类似的实例找出来,从排除式和包括式的视角,对说话者的意识、心理进行分析的同时,并与有关语言相联系讨论。

Written Manchu has two forms for the person plural pronouns; be(with the oblique stem men-) as the exclusive'form and muse as 'inclusive' .What is meant by each term is, as generally accepted, the exclusion or inclusion of the hearer(s) :thus 'we without you'in contrast with 'we including you' .Various dictionaries and grammars have described the distinction in written Manchu as such. The result suggests that written Manchu, as well as other languages with such an opposition, should be reexamined on this point in order to make clear whether the alleged distinction is always valid. This study on spoken Manchu, therefore, provides a good starting point for the present paper. Then we observe the circumstances in written Manchu, and give some examples of anomalous usage of muse, which must be regarded as not including the hearer(s). We assume that such a usage is perhaps a reflection of the speaker's intimate attitude to the hearer(s) .Finally we briefly touch on the distinction in Chinese and also the related issues in Modern(l7th - 19th c. )and Japanese, and give a preliminary perspective for a real and typological surveys.