满族文字的异质文化影响(一)

The Influence of Different Characteristic Culture on the Manchu Written Language

满族及其先世女真族曾先后两度创制的女真文与满文,都不是自我的创造:前者是在汉字、契丹字(也是借鉴汉字制成的)基础上再加工创造的,后者是借用蒙古字母又加以改造的结果。所以如此,是汉族、契丹族、蒙古族长期影响,特别是汉族强势文化的辐射深刻影响兄弟民族文化的进展,从而在短时间内创制和完善准确记载自己语言的信息载体。尤应指出的是,满族全面效仿汉文篆字三十二体,对应创制了满文篆字三十二体,蔚成我国民族古文字史上前所未有的瑰丽奇观,对中国文字的发展做出重要贡献。异质文化的具体影响,主要表现在字的型、音、义的表达方式上,曾先后出现了意字(女真大字)、意音字(女真小字)、音字(满文)。由表意向表音的发展,表现了造字方法上的进步。

Nuchen and Manchu languages that the Manchu and their ancestors had invented successively are not originated from their own: Nuchen was polished and invented on the basis of Chinese and Khitan words; Manchu resulted in the use and transformation of Mongolian alphabets. It was due to the fact that the three nationalities Chinese, Khitan and Mongolia had affected each other for a long time, especially due to the profound influence of powerful Chinese culture on the development of closely related nationalities culture that they could invent and improve the information carrier to record their own language in a short period. It should be pointed out that the Manchu had invented thirty-two kinds of Manchurian seal characters after fully imitating Chinese seal characters, which had made great contributions to the improvement of Chinese written language. The concrete influence of different characteristics can mainly be shown on the expressing ways of types, pronunciation and meanings of words. For example, there were meaning words ( Nuchen big words), meaning and pronunciation words (Nuchen small words) and pronunciation words (Manchu), which reflected the progress of formation of words from meaning to pronunciation expression.