天然红松混交林的演化史

The Evolution of Korean Pine Forest

红松至少在第三纪的中新世就存在于东亚，距今约２５００万年的历史。红松林是由第三纪植物区系分化、独立和与其它区系共同演化而形成的，特别是第四纪冰期和间冰期的冷热交替以及全新世的气候回暖，引起了植物不止一次的改变和混和，给红松林的形成带来了巨大的影响。初次出现含有红松的针阔混交林是在第三纪末的中新世和上新世。第四纪晚更新世晚期，东北地区的森林类型是以云冷杉占优势的代表冰缘气候的暗针叶林，此时，红松移至长白山南侧和朝鲜半岛一带避难。冰期后，红松混交林以平均每年约２００ｍ的突变迁移速度从朝鲜半岛经长白山向小兴安岭扩展，并经过了桦木林和阔叶林两个阶段。奠定现实红松混交林水平分布区的面貌只是晚全新世以来的事，距今不过２５００ａ左右。

? In Miocene epoch, about 25 million years ago, Korean pine emerged in east Asia. Korean-pine mixed forest stemmed from florae in Tertiary. Especially, the climate alternation between Glacial and Interglacial period in Quaternary and the temperature going up since Holocene seriously affected forming Korean-pine mixed forest. First mixed broad-leaved and conifer forest contained Korean pine came into during Miocene and Pliocene epoch. In the end of Epipleistocene, conifer forest dominated by spruce and fir, reflected periglacial climate, distributed throughout northeast China, when Korean pine was forced to migrate to Korean Peninsula to take refuge. After Pleistocene, Korean pine forest, at a rate of about 200m one year, expanded towards Xiaoxing'an Mountains from it's refuge in Glacial period. The horizontal distribution establishment of actual Korean-pine mixed forest was from Holocene, up to now about 2500 years.