明清鄂西南土家族地区民族的分布与变迁

Distribution and Vicisstudes of Nationalities in Tujia Areas in Southwest of Hubei Province in Ming and Qing Dynasty

在明代及清初 ,鄂西南土家族地区民族分布存在土蛮集中分布的土司区和汉蛮杂居区两大区域 ;土司区内民族构成中土蛮占绝大多数 ,汉蛮杂居区内汉人、土蛮间比例几乎相等。清代改土归流后 ,由于大量流民的涌入 ,形成土蛮大分散小聚居分布 ,汉、苗等兄弟民族插花般镶嵌分布的格局 ;民族构成转变为以汉族人居多、以土蛮为少数民族主体的构成格局。明清时期导致该地区民族分布与构成及其变化的因素有自然和人文两方面 ,自然因素提供变化的可能 ,人为因素决定变化的方向。当前该地区的发展还得多从人文方面着手。

In Ming and early Qing dynasty,the Tujia regions of southwest of Hubei Province could be divided into two parts,one could called the Tusi area,in which most people were Tujia,the other contained Tujia and Han people,in which the number of the Han people might equal to the Tujia.After the Tusi System in this area was abolished,many Han and other nationalities moved into this region, and the style of nationalities changed:The Tujia people still lived together,while the Han and other people lived everywhere among them;the Han became a big body of people in this region,while the Tujia people became the body of the minority nationalities in this area.This change could be mostly caused by two facts:nature and man.The natural facts might provide the possiblities of the change,while the manual ones might dicide the direction of the change.