制度变迁与中国城市的发展及空间结构的历史演变

INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE & THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION IN CHINA

我国的城市发展水平同经济发展水平的偏离[1,2],说明对城市发展及其空间结构演变分析不能仅局限在物质经济领域,需要我们寻求影响城市发展及其空间结构变化的新因素—制度因素,把制度作为影响城市发展及其空间结构的一个主要的变量,来对此加以解释。为此,本文首先构建了“制度变迁—城市发展变化”的理论框架,然后用该理论从宏观和微观两个方面来检验1949—1998年间制度变迁对城市发展及其空间结构的影响。与西方国家的以市场经济为主要动力驱动型的城市发展模式不同,中国城市的发展及其空间结构的演变在很大程度上是制度变迁而诱致的结果。但不同的制度对城市数量增长、组织体系及空间布局和对城市空间结构演变的作用力度又不尽相同。改革开放后,由于制度变迁带来的激励作用,中国城市获得了快速发展,城市空间结构快速变化。但与此同时,中国城市化的发展水平与相同发展条件下的世界城市化水平的差距却在拉大。而且随着市场经济体制的逐步完善,影响城市增长及空间结构的演变力量的因素越来越趋于分散化,制度变迁对城市发展所带来的激励作用正在弱化。为适应新世纪我国城市发展的战略目标,需要进行体制创新,为中国城市的发展及其空间结构的演变提供新的制度支持。

The deviation between the degree of urban development and the degree of economic development shows that we should not put the economic field in limit when analyzing the development of cities and the evolution of spatial structure. We should attempt to find the new factors that influence the development of cities and the evolution of spatial structure to explain this phenomenon. This paper regards the institution as an important factor and put it into the theoretic model about the changing institution and the urban development. Then the thesis applies this model to analyze the influence of the institutional change from 1949 to 1998 on the urban development and the evolution of spatial structure according to the macro-aspect and micro-aspect. Unlike the development model of cities in western world which is promoted by market economy,the growth and structural evolution of Chinese cities are promoted mainly by institutional changes. After reform and opening policy,the rapid development of Chinese cities and the rapid spatial structure changes are due to the inspiration function coming from institutional change. But with the depth of reform and perfection of market economy system,the factors influencing the development and the evolution of spatial structure of Chinese cities will become more and more separate and the influence of institutional change will become more and more weaker,while the force of the market is becoming more and more stronger.