我国历史文化村镇保护的内容与方法研究

RESEARCH ON THE CONTENT AND METHOD OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE HISTORIC CULTURAL TOWNS & VILLAGES IN CHINA

历史文化村镇是我国遗产保护体系的重要组成部分,随着第一批中国历史文化名镇(村)的命名公布,遗产保护工作又进入了一个崭新阶段。我国历史文化村镇保护研究较国外起步较晚,相关研究也欠深入全面,导致在当前城镇化快速发展过程中,一些颇具价值特色的古村镇没有得到很好保护。本文首先回顾了国内外历史小城镇、村落保护的演变发展,然后指出历史文化村镇保护在价值特性方面,不同于历史文化名城;在保护内容方面,要在以往偏重于物质文化遗产保护的基础上,进一步加重非物质文化遗产的保护;在保护方法方面,要综合运用历史学、地理学、建筑学、社会学、景观生态学等方法,才能达到较好的保护效果。

Historic cultural towns & villages are the important part in the conservation system of the heritage in China. These historic towns & villages are the real recordation of the traditional culture, folk-custom and architectural art. However, with the rapid development of economy and rural urbanization, these towns and villages are short of a long-term and comprehensive planning and scientific effective conservation measures. As a result, these historic heritages and their surroundings are faced with a serious crisis and destroyed in a certain extent. The article reviews the conservation evolvement and the form of the conservation concept of the international and domestic historic towns & villages. The overseas conservation research is very early and thorough. The authors think historic cultural town & village is particular appellation in China and its characteristics are the value of history and culture. The authors point out the conservation of historic cultural towns & villages is different form that of famous cities because of their different characteristics such as the cultural landscape, background region, historic evolution, industrial structure, settlement form and size, so the former don't imitate the latter simply. According the international development the heritage conservation object has changed from the cultural relic and monocase architecture into historic district, historic town and their surrounding. The paper puts forward the content of the conservation should include the vernacular architecture, cultural relic, street space, village shape, rural environment, country culture, neighborhood, country characteristic, aboriginal, behavior landscape and so on. The successful conservation of the historic towns and villages will keep up the natural and rural peculiarity, which is different from that of the big cities. As the conservation content relates to many aspects, the conservation activities such as protection, restoration, renovation, and revitalization require interdisciplinary participation and effort. From this point of the view, the authors propose that the method of the conservation of historic cultural towns and villages should make use of history, geography, architecture, sociology, landscape ecology and so on.