山东泰山地区景观结构变化及其分形分析

Landscape structures and fractal analyses of Taishan Mountain, Shandong Province

将泰山风景区划分为 8个区域 11个基本景观类型 ,包括松林、栎林、刺槐林、侧柏林、针阔叶混交林、经济林、灌丛、裸岩、荒地、水体、建筑。在此基础上 ,利用 3S技术和分形理论对各个景观要素进行了分析 ,并讨论了景观特性及其变化的分形性质。结果表明 :(1)分维值的大小反映了景观斑块面积、斑块数量和平均斑块面积等因素的相互作用 ,在一定尺度下分维的大小反映了区域内景观斑块的不规则程度和复杂程度 ,斑块越不规则、越复杂 ,其分维越大 ,反之亦然。在泰山地区 ,自 1986年至 2 0 0 1年 ,刺槐林一直保持着较高的分维值 ,其它景观类型的分维值则差别不大 ,而针阔叶混交林的分维值变化较大 ;(2 )森林景观受多种因子的影响 ,在高海拔区域主要受垂直地带性规律影响为主 ,在旅游区主要受人类活动的影响为主 ,15 a来各个区域分形维数的总体变化趋势相似 ;(3)大部分区域在 2 0 0 1年的景观多样性、破碎度高于 1986年的 。

Eleven types of landscape belonging to eight topographic zones in Taishan Mountain of Shandong Province are recognized. These include: Pinus forests, Quercus forests, Robinia pseudoacacia forests, Platycladus orientalis forests, mixed forests, economic forests, shrubs, bare rocks, uncultivated land, waters, and buildings. Based on the remote sensing images and the field-surveyed data, the structural changes during a 15 years period from 1986 to 2001 in various types of landscape within eight zones are analyzed using the 3S techniques and fractal methods. Four kinds of indexes, including the fractal dimension, diversity index, dominance, and fragmentation of landscape, are evaluated for each type of landscape. The results confirm that: (1) the fractal dimension is the characteristic parameter that generally provides the information about the landscape structure and its change. Its value is a comprehensive index reflecting the changes of spatial distributions, patch numbers, and patch areas. The higher the value, the more irregular the patch shape of landscape becomes, and so is the more complex the landscape structure. There are no significant differences on the fractal dimension values measured in 1986 and in 2001 among the landscape types except that Robinia pseudoacacia forests maintain a higher value. (2) The landscape structure is affected by many environmental factors. At the tourist sites it is mainly affected by the human activities; while at the high altitude sites it is controlled by the uniqueness of the vertical zonation. The variation tendency of fractal dimension values within each of eight different zones is similar in these two studying periods. (3) The landscape diversity and fragmentation index in 1986 were higher than those in 2001 from most sites, while the landscape dominance indexes were decreased slightly over this period.