清末书院到学堂的现代化转换

On the Transition from Private Academies to Modern Schools in the Late Qing Period

许多研究者将清末书院到学堂转换的原因归结为"社会的转型与自身的腐败"①,但"社会转型"忽略了转换的历程;"自身腐败"不足以表述初始转换的真实。书院在对社会转型的适应突破、内化吐纳和自身产生新生因素中实现现代化转换,这一转换显示了事物初始转换的真实状态和转换的背后逻辑。广雅书院是实践这种转换的一个范例。

Many researchers contributed the transformation of private academies into modern schools to the transformation of society and the decay of the academies themselves. The first argument ignores the process of the transformation and the latter did not reflect the reality. The academies achieved transformation by adapting themselves to the transformation of the society and breaking through old barriers, internalizing advanced elements and discarding its backward ones and thus rejuvenating themselves. Guangya Academy is such an example.