百年电子学——纪念真空电子管发明一百周年

Electronics in the Last Century

电子学的崛起、发展和广泛应用是20世纪最伟大的科学技术领域之一。在电磁波理论和自由电子发展的基础上,1904年出现了第一只真空二极电子管,一般认为这标志着电子学的诞生。电磁波频谱资源的开发和利用是电子学发展的基础和动力。从电磁频谱统一的观点看,光已经象微波一样进入到电子学的领域,成为无线电电子学中不可分割的组成部分。电子学的基本任务是:研究带电粒子流与电磁场相互作用的物理概念和物理过程,以及利用相互作用的不同物理机制实现粒子与场之间能量有效转化的方法和条件。从电子器件的观点看,电子学可分为真空电子学与固态电子学;而从电子运动规律的观点看,现代电子学将处理自由电子,准自由电子和束缚电子的运动规律及其与电磁场的相互作用。1958年,电子学领域出现三个重要发现和发明:集成电路、激光和相对论自由电子的回旋辐射。相应的,半导体电子学(微电子学)、激光电子学和相对论电子学等现代电子学领域则发端于此。电子器件小型化、微型化、功能集成化将电磁频谱的开拓和占领推向光波和红外毫米波。

One of the greatest science and technology fields in the 20th century was the growing up, development and wide application of the electronics. It was considered usually that the invention of vacuum diode in 1904 based on the theory of electromagnetic wave and the development of free electron signed the nascence of the electronics. The exploitation and utilization of electromagnetic spectrum resources were the base and power of the development of electronics. As viewed from uniform spectrum, optics as well as the research of microwave was belonged to the field of electronics, and became indispensable part of wireless electronics. The research of physical conception, physical process in the interaction between charged particle stream and electromagnetic, and the methods and conditions of effective energy transformation in the interaction used different physical mechanism were the basic task of the electronics. As viewed from the electron devices, the electronics included vacuum electronics and solid-state electronics. And the modern electronics would deal with the motion rules of the free electron, the quasi-free electron and the bound electron and the interaction between them and the electromagnetic from the view of the electron motion rules. Integrate circuit, the laser and the gyroradiation of relativistic free electron were three important discovers and inventions in 1958. Accordingly the modern electronics such as the semiconductor electronics (microelectronics), the laser electronics and the relativistic electronics etc began to develop. The miniaturization, the micro-miniaturization and the function-integration of the electron devices would expand the exploitation and occupy of electromagnetic spectrum to the light wave and infrared millimeter wave.