双重地权:土地国有下的农民土地财产权

Double Land Ownership: Peasants’ Land Ownership Right Under Land State Ownership

2003年8月29日通过的《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》,标志着中国的农村土地制度变革进入了一个相对稳定期。这部法律强化稳定了现行的土地制度,但并没有对土地制度变革中的现存问题提出新的解决办法。本文认为,现存问题的难点在于,处理好国家、集体和农民之间围绕着土地剩余索取权的争议,甚至严重的冲突,归根结底是利益之争;问题的根源在于,现行的有关农村土地制度中“农民集体所有”的产权安排存在着“产权残缺”等障碍;解决问题的关键在于,合理借鉴历史上的佃主和佃户双重产权主体的土地产权制(田面权和田底权相分离),剥离介于国家和农民之间的集体产权主体地位,明确赋予农民土地财产权。

The Law of P.R.C on Family Contract Responsibility System passed on August 29, 2003 marked that the reform of rural land system came into a relatively stable period. The law reinforces the current land system. However, it does not provide solution to the existing problems. In the opinion of the author, the problem is how to handle the disputes among the state, collective and individuals on land surplus claim rights. The disputes, even several conflicts are factual conflicts of interests. The problem is caused by the defective clauses on “collectively owned by peasants”. To solve the problem, we can draw inspiration from the practice in the history, deprive collective of the land ownership and grant legal land property rights to peasants. Moreover, related laws and regulations should be made to protect the interests of peasants.