天然产物害虫控制剂的研究进展

RESEARCH ON NATURAL PRODUCTS AS INSECT PESTS CONTROL AGENTS

从天然产物中探索新型杀虫先导化合物,一直是农药化学和农药毒理学研究的热点。在源于植物天然产物研究方面,国外已从印楝(Azadirachta inita)中分离鉴定出20多个有效成分,其中最主要的是印楝素。从美洲大枫子科植物Ryanm speciosa提取一种生物碱尼鱼丁Ryanodine,直接作用于昆虫肌肉,但对人畜毒性也较大。我国除对苦楝、川楝化学成分和作用机理进行研究外,还对苦皮藤进行了多学科交叉研究。植物杀虫剂苦皮藤油及其制造方法获得国家发明专利。在源于节肢动物的天然产物研究方面,从1959年以来的30多年中,仅在鳞翅目昆虫中就分离出350多种性信息素,大多数都能人工合成。开发新型杀虫剂主要集中在对各种蜘蛛和黄蜂的毒素研究方面。对昆虫神经肤的研究,到1990年已鉴定了8类昆虫神经肽,共40多种。对源于微生物的天然产物研究方面,已取得突破性进展,对齐墩螨素的开发研究,目前已有avermectin B_1(abamectin)和ivermectin应市。avermectins开发成功的更大意义,还在于这类杀虫剂作用于昆虫的以γ-氮基丁酸为传递介质的突触,是杀虫剂新的作用靶标。我国研制的浏阳霉素对哺乳动物、瓢虫和寄生蜂等十分安全,达到国际先进水平。

Searching new insecticides from natural products is the studying focal point of farm insecticide chemistry and toxicology all along. In the research aspect on natural products extracted from plant, more than 20 effective compositions have been separated already from Azadirachta indita in foreign countries. The most important one among these compositions is Margosine. The Ryanodine extracted from America Ryania speciosa attacks directly insect's muscle, however, it is rather toxic to persons and animals. Besides the reseach on the compositions of M. azedarach L. & M. toosendan and their action mechanism, the Celastrus angulatus were studied alternately in many branches of learning. The Celastrus angulatus oil that is insecticide extracted from plant and its manufacturing method have obtained national patent. In the research aspect on natural products extracted from arthropod, more than 350 sex pheromone have been separated only in lepidopterous insects since 1959, and most of them can be synthetized. The research of developing new insecticides was focused on the toxin of various araneids and wasps. In research field of insect neurokinin, 8 types of insect neurokinin that consist of more than 40 kinds have been identified already by 1990. In the research domain of natural products extracted from microorganism, a great progress has been obtained. About the development of Olive mite incretion, the avermeetin B_1 (abamectin) and ivermectin have been available so far. Important significant of developing avermectins is that these insecticides act on insect cynapsis which used γ-reanal as their transfer mediums. The Liuyang Moldin invented by China is very safe to mammalian, lady beetle and hymenopterous pavasite. This inventation reaches the advanced level of world.