哲学的“未来”观念(下)

“The Future” Idea in Philosophy

西方将哲学称作“形而上学(metaphysics)”,“meta”和“physics”缺一不可。“形而上学”不能“形式化”,“时间”与“自由”进入“形而上学”,也不能“形式化”。“时间”不可分割,但“时间”与“自由”皆有“度”。“自由”有“你我他”,“时间”有“过去现在未来”。同时这也是“存在”的状态———“人自由者”的一种特殊“存在状态(Dasein)”。“人”作为“Da sein”是“有死者会死者”,以“死”来划分“时间”的“维度”。“生死”这一过程,就是“自我”的“现时在世”。然而,“死”仍提示着“他者”。在“Dasein”的“过去现在未来”的“度”中,“未来”居于核心的地位。“人”作为“自由者”,是“创造者”。“自由”的“创造”,使“非存在”成为“存在”。“自由”之“创造”,使“未来”成为“希望”。“希望”又使传统哲学范畴的地位发生变化,“可能性现实性”如同“自由必然”一样在理解上有所推进。

Western philosophy has been considered as the “metaphysics” in which the “meta” and “physics” are connected inseparably. While the metaphysics cannot be formalized, “time” and “freedom” which are introduced into the metaphysics cannot be formalized either. We could not divide the “time” ontologically, and we do not have a geology of “time”, but we do have a “measure-limit” of “time”. “Freedom” includes “you and me”, plus “him”; “time” keeps the “measure-limit” of “past-present-future”, which are understood as the special way of Sein, Being-Dasein, there-Being. A human being as Dasein is mortal, while as Free-being, a human being means that he is able-has the ability to die. For a human being, the death is the measure of “time”. Ontologically, “born-death” are the one-same period in the sense of the “I”, the “one present living world”, however, the “death” means that there is a “Other”. The “future” is the key point within the measure of “time: past-present-future”. As a free human being, he is a “creator”, a “creator” of “future”. By the way of free creating, the “non-being” becomes to “Being”. The free creation makes the “future” hopeful, and the “Future” is “Hope”. These ideas are making the traditional categories of philosophy improve and advance.