摘要
由于受到众多因素大规模作用的影响,高纬度地区生态系统的变化异常活跃。这些地区的生态系统非常脆弱,各种全球变化过程都在影响着可更新林木资源持续生产和当地社会赖以生存的动植物资源丰度。本文对于北半球高纬度地区生态系统的一些新认识及其(所包含的)意义进行了讨论,并对提高生态系统的恢复力所采取的必要管理措施进行了探讨。认为在生态系统面临各种变化和干扰时系统管理的焦点应该从系统的恢复转移到系统功能的维系上来。生物多样性的作用是确保生态系统在经历干扰和重组时能够进行重组和发展,这一作用应该在系统管理与相关的方针政策中得到重视。强调应重新考虑现在的生态保护区的概念以发展一些动态的管理方法,使生态系统在面临环境变化时能够进行可持续的管理。而高纬度地区一些土著人习惯性的生态保护区的特点与那些对保护区进行动态保护的观点往往是一致的。针对高纬度地区动态景观中的生物多样性管理我们提出了新的发展方向,并从非传统的观点方面为其提供了经验例证。这些非传统的观点与看法可能会有助于提高生物多样性可持续管理和生态系统功能发挥的潜力。
Ecosystems at high latitudes are highly dynamic,influenced by a multitude of large-scale disturbances.Due to global change processes these systems may be expected to be particularly vulnerable,affecting the sustained production of renewable wood resources and abundance of plants and animals on which local cultures depend.In this paper,we assess the implications of new understandings of high northern latitude ecosystems and what must be done to manage systems for resilience.We suggest that the focus of land management should shift from recovery from local disturbance to sustaining ecosystem functions in the face of change and disruption.The role of biodiversity as insurance for allowing a system to reorganize and develop during the disturbance and reorganization phases needs to be addressed in management and policy.We emphasize that the current concepts of ecological reserves and protected areas need to be reconsidered to developp dynamic tools for sustainable management of ecosystems in face of change.Characteristics of what may be considered as customary reserves at high latitudes are often consistent with a more dynamic view of reserves.We suggest new directions for addressing biodiversity management in dynamic landscapes at high latitudes,and provide empirical examples of insights from unconventional perspectives that may help improve the potential for sustainable management of biodiversity and the generation of ecosystem services.
