农业土壤微生物基因与群落多样性研究进展

A review on microbial gene and community diversity in agricultural soil

介绍了群落基因组多样性、结构多样性与功能多样性相互关系的研究方法 ,重点论述了近年来农业土壤微生物群落遗传、结构与功能多样性的研究进展。同时总结了耕作措施和养分管理对农业土壤微生物群落多样性的影响 ,提出微生物序列分析。

Soil is a complex and dynamic system and sustains an immense diversity of microbes. All life forms rely on microbial processes for their survival. Microbial diversity is greater than the diversity of any other group of organisms. Microbes are responsible for diverse metabolic functions that affect soil and plant health. However microbial diversity, to a large extent, is unexplored.A range of novel methods based on rRNA and rDNA analysis have revealed parts of soil microbial diversity. The key problem posed by the link between microbial diversity and soil function is to understand the relations between genetic diversity or community structure and community function. A better understanding of the relations requires not only the application of more accurate assays for taxonomical and functional characterization of DNA and RNA extracted from soil, but also high-resolution techniques with which to detect inactive and active microbial cells in the soil matrix. Subsequently the application of DNA microarray and stable isotope probe will provide huge amounts of new data, potentially improving our understanding of the structure and function of soil microbial community, and the interactions that occur within them. The next step is to acquire genomic, functional and evolutionary information from bacterial artificial chromosome libraries of soil microbial community genomes. This paper summarized the recent progress in studies of soil microbial communities with focus on novel approaches that provides insight into the relationship between structure and function. The effects of agricultural practices (cropping cultivation and nutrient management) on soil microbial community were also reviewed. At the end of this paper, key points of further research foci on microbial community in agricultural soils were suggested as follow:Ⅰ. The novel approaches for determining the functional diversity;Ⅱ. The mechanisms of interactions between microbes and plant and the co-evolution of microbes/plant; Ⅲ. The response of soil microbial community to nutrient management and the ways modulating the microbial community; Ⅳ. The mechanisms of microbial responses to environmental stresses (such as pollutants);Ⅴ. The interactions between soil microbial community and global changes.