1983—2003年澳门生态系统服务价值的变化

Assessment of ecosystem services of Macao in 1983-2003

以澳门1983年和2003年的统计数据为基础,在分析澳门土地利用和土地覆盖变化状况的同时,对澳门生态系统服务的价值进行了评估,结果表明,按当前价计算,(1)2003年澳门生态系统服务的价值为1983年的2.5倍;(2)1983年澳门生态系统服务的价值为3.302×106美元,相当于26.5250×106MOP(澳门元);2003年澳门生态系统服务的价值为8.3396×106美元,相当于66.992×106MOP;(3)将2003年澳门生态系统服务的价值与2003年澳门的年生产总值(GDP)646.54×108MOP相比,2003年澳门生态系统服务的价值相当于GDP的0.1%,体现了澳门城市经济主导型的特征。由于缺乏对建筑用地服务价值的相关研究数据,该结果是对澳门生态系统服务价值的保守估计;(4)1997年全球年人均生态服务价值为5544.7美元/人,而澳门2002年人均生态服务价值仅为18.9元/人,为全球水平的0.34%,反映澳门辖区生态服务的严重不足。澳门人均生态系统服务价值偏低主要是由于澳门辖区小且无水域(由于澳门地处生态服务价值非常高的珠江口河口区,生态服务并不受行政边界的影响,所以澳门实质上的生态服务价值并不低);(5)澳门1983年至2003年之间填海造地635hm2,填海使邻近澳门的珠江河口湿地面积减少同样的面积,由于河口潮汐地的生态服务价值高达9990美元/(hm2·a)。

The global ecosystem can provide commodity and services for human beings survival. Ecosystem services may provide the following functions such as gas regulation, climate regulation, disturbance regulation, water regulation, water supply, erosion control and sediment retention, soil formation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, pollination, biological control, Refugio, food production, raw materials, genetic resources, recreation and cultural value. Because ecosystem services are not fully ‘captured’in commercial markets in terms comparable with economic services and manufactured capital, they are often ignored with too little weights in policy decision processes. This ignorance may ultimately com- promise the sustainability of humans in the biosphere. However, it can be instructive to estimate the ‘incremental’or ‘marginal’value of ecosystem services with for example, the estimated rate of change of value compared with changes in ecosystem services from their current levels. There have been fruitful achievements of research in the past few decades, aimed at estimating the value of a wide variety of ecosystem services. Many of the valuation techniques used in the studies are based, either directly or indirectly, on attempts to estimate the `willing- ness-to-pay' of individuals for ecosystem services, which has been estimated by Constanza R. that at the current margin, the 17 eco- system services could totally provide at least US$33 trillion dollars worth of services annually. It has been found that the total value of ecosystem services in China is 9030.88 ×108 US dollars (equal to 77 834.48×108 RMB Yuan) per year. Using the method of Con- stanza.R, the annual value of ecosystem services of Macao was 3.302×106 US dollars in 1983, equivalent to 26.5250×106 MOP, when using the currently monetary valuation. The annual value of ecosystem services of Macao was 8.3396×106 US dollars in 2003, equal to 66.992×106 MOP. The total globe annual value of ecosystem services was 3.3268×1013 US dollars in 1997, i.e., about 5544.7 US dollars per cap- ita; In Macao, the annual value of ecosystem services was about 18.8US dollars/Capita in 2003. The average ecosystem service per capita was 0.34% of the world average level. Comparing to the globe average ecosystem services level per capita, the deficit of eco- system services of Macao is 2.44×109 US dollars for Macao population, which would required 1069 km2 estuary to complement to the deficit, i.e., about 38.5 times of Macao to provide ecosystem services to reach the average level of world.