施用化肥对农业生态环境的负面影响及对策

Negative impact of inorganic fertilizes application on agricultural environment and its countermeasures

论述了肥料的过量使用对我国的农业生态环境质量的负面影响,提出了合理施用化肥防治环境污染的对策。认为过量施用化肥引起土壤酸化和板结、重金属污染、硝酸盐污染和土壤次生盐渍化,从而导致土壤肥力下降,并且造成水体富营养化,淋溶污染地下水,致使作物品质下降,硝酸盐含量超标,并通过食物链危害人体健康。此外,认为化肥对大气环境的影响主要集中在氮肥上,氨挥发和NOx、CH4及CO2的释放,不仅能引起温室效应,而且还能够引起臭氧层的破坏。提出了相应的对策:增加科技教育的投入,提高农民的科学文化素质,提高全民的环境意识;合理施肥;结合国家的调控政策,在粮食产量与环境保护、作物产量与产品品质之间找到平衡点。

The concern of the negative impact on environmental quality caused by the overuse of both organic and inorganic fertil- izes is increasing worldwide. The present paper studies various agricultural environment degradation problems by excessive inor- ganic fertilizer application in China, and puts forward to some countermeasures to prevent environmental pollution. Excess inorganic fertilizer application in China causes series of soil degradation, such as soil acidification and compact, heavy metal contamination, underground nitrate contamination, salinization, decline in soil fertility, and eutrophication. On the other hand, the quality of crops is decreased and nitrate content exceeds criteria by excess inorganic fertilizer application, which do serious harm to human beings through food chains. In addiction, this paper regards that the main effect of excess use of fertilizer on atmosphere is from N fertilizer, the volatilization of ammonia, and release of NOx, CH4, CO2 can not only cause to green house effect, but also leads to formation of holes in ozone layer. At last, The paper regards, we must devote to the increment technology education and increase the science and culture character of the farmer and the environmental consciousness of the all the people, reasonable use of both organic and inor- ganic fertilizes. Combining to the policy nationally, equilibrium will be found between food production and environmental protection, farm crop yield and the quality.