评沃尔夫冈·伊塞尔的文学人类学

A COMMENT ON WOLFGANG ISER'S LITERARY ANTHROPOLOGY

伊塞尔的文学人类学建立在一种社会人类学的基础上 ,后者认为 ,在一个人的意识中 ,他既要以自己的面目出现 ,但同时他又作为另一个人物而出现——这是人类的一个基本需要。而文学虚构以不同的方式揭示了这个需要。文学虚构能使人类以不断展开自我的方式走出自我 ,毫无羁绊地利用多种文化手段全景式地展现人的各种可能性 ,因而是一个自我塑造和创造世界的范式 ,这正是文学虚构的人类学意义所在。伊塞尔的文学人类学是对新的历史条件下文学何以存在、人类为什么需要虚构以及人们为什么需要阅读文学等问题的追问与回答 ,因此实际上是一种关于文学的人类学哲学。它以一种特别的切入方式深化了伊塞尔的接受美学研究。

Iser's literary anthropology is established on the basis of socio-anthropology. The latter holds that: a person does not wash out himself or herself as he or she considers when he or she appears as another person. It is a basic need of man, and literary fiction reveals this need in one way or another. Literary fiction enables man to walk out of oneself in constant exploration of oneself,and to bring into view all the possibilities of man by employing various literary means. It is a canonical form of molding oneself and creating the world. It is where lies the significance of fictional anthropology. Iser's literary anthropology is in fact a further inquiry and answer to such questions as “why does literature exist, why should man create fiction, and why should people read literature”.