近代中国的女权概念

The Concept of Women's Rights in Modern China

本文首先要探讨"女权"、"民权"、"人权"这三个概念在近代中国是如何出现的。这三个新词先出现在日文里,后才在中文出现。因此笔者首先要概观中日间同一词汇的不同内涵和历史衍变,然后就这三个概念之中性别观念最明晰的"女权"概念分析其内涵的变迁。到辛亥革命为止,在有关"女权"的讨论之中出现了四个代表性的女性形象:"做国民之母"、"尽与男子一样的任务"、"摸索新角色"、"拒绝在民族国家下的女性解放"。从这四个模式中,我们可以看到20世纪所有女性主义代表性思想的萌芽。有关"女权"问题的议论,都是随着女性应该拥有"天赋人权"问题与指向建设国家的第一目标之间的矛盾而出现的。

This paper is aimed to solve the following questions. First, I will show how the three concepts appeared in China. It is also essential to notice that many of the Western ideas were introduced to China by way of Japan. Since these three concepts also appeared in Japan earlier than China, I will discuss how the meanings of these new concepts character themselves in Chinese and Japanese respectively. Second, I will analyze the change of the concept of 'nüquan (women's rights)', the most remarkable idea regarding the gender issue. Up to the 1911 revolution, there had been four typical insistences about what a women should be: 'The mother of Nation', 'musculination' 'seeking the new rol-model in society', and 'denying to be the national women'. These insistences show themselves to be origins of the all types of feminism throughout the 20 century. All of the debates on 'nüquan' were characterized by the conflicts between embodying women's human right, and how a woman could contribute to the nation.