摘要
在不平等条约签订前,西方列强对中国的侵略集中表现为挑衅中国领水主权。面对这 种非法挑衅,当时的清正府出于维护自身统治的需要,采取了相应的措施:实施强制引水制度,牢牢 控制引水主权。严格管理湾泊的洋船。商船、兵船必须湾泊于指定地点,并接受严格管束。对外国 船员行使完全的刑事管辖权。拒绝列强染指海上缉捕权。正是由于清政府采取了比较严厉的措 施,在武力和封舱的威慑下,西方列强的挑衅活动不得不有所收敛,条约前时代的中国领水主权也 因此而大体上保持了完整。当然,这种完整随时都受到威胁。嘉道年间,特别是鸦片战争前夕 ,列 强 挑衅中国领水主权的活动日益增多, 预 示 着 对 中!国"领#水$主%权&大'规(模)侵*犯+的,时-代.即/将0到1来2。3鸦4片5 战6争7的8爆9发:就;是<一=个>标?志@。A自B此C之D后E,F中G国H领I水J主K权L遭M到N了O前P所Q未R有S的T破U坏V。
The chief invasion against China was to do damage to Chinese sovereign rights over territorial waters in pre-treaty days. The western countries tried to violate Chinese territorial water's integrity with the aid of warships. In order to safeguard the integrity of the sovereign rights of territorial waters, the Qing Dynasty took some measures:enforcing the compulsory pilot system in order to control firmly the piloting right.setting rigid rules for foreign vessels in order to keep then under strict control.These rules were that all foreign vessels were appointed a place to anchor.exercising criminal jurisdiction over foreign crews;refusing foreigners to take a share of the exterminating banditry. Because the Qing Dynasty took these stringent measures, even resorting to threat of force and closing a port, the west had to show some restraint in invading China. On the whole, Chinese government could safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty at that time. Of course ,the integrity of sovereignty was threatened at any time. In the period of Emperor Jia Qing and the Emperor Tao Kuang, especially on the eve of the Sino-British Opium War, the Big Powers carried out more and more provocation to Chinese sovereign rights over territorial waters. This marked the beginning of times that Chinese territorial waters' integrity was violated seriously. The Opium War was a sign. From then on , the integrity of Chinese sovereign rights over territorial waters was damaged unprecedently.
出处
《信阳师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版）》
2005年第1期121-124,共4页
Journal of Xinyang Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)
关键词
不平等条约
领水主权
列强
清政府
unequal treaty
sovereign rights over territorial waters
the Big Powers
the Qing Dynasty
