心理学研究的单一被试设计评价

Comment on Single-Participant Research Design

单一被试设计在近代心理学史上曾得到广泛的应用,艾宾浩斯、桑代克、巴甫洛夫和斯金纳等心理学家是运用该方法的主要代表。单一被试设计包括描述性单一被试设计和实验性单一被试设计。前者主要对一系列事件、关系进行描述、分析、解释和评估,并提出相应的校正措施和建议;后者是通过操纵实验变量控制无关变量,观测因变量,获得变量间关系的数据,以确定行为变化与实验变量之间的关系。单一被试研究可以运用到基础研究和应用研究领域。其主要优点是: (1)对特殊问题,可以提出有针对性的办法; (2)可以进行探索性分析; (3)易发现独特的现象; (4)节约人力、物力和时间。其缺点是外部效度较低。

The Single-Participant Research Design was used broadly in modern time by psychologists such as Ebbinghaus, Thorndike, Pavlov, and Skinner. There are two kinds of the Single-Participant Research Design in psychology, the Descriptive Single-Participant Research Design and the Experimental Single-Participant Research Design. The strengths of this method are as follows: (1) It offers a specific description of the subject. (2) It explains what the psychological phenomena are in the beginning of a study.(3) It can discover the specific psychological phenomena.(4) It can save time, money and manpower. The weakness of the method is that it has a poor validity.