出土文字资料与古代神话原型新探

A New Exploration of Antique Mythology Prototype from the Unearthed Written Data

从出土文字资料来看 ,神话传说中牛郎与天帝之女织女感人至深的爱情故事 ,其原型是牛郎多次抛弃织女的婚姻悲剧。夏后启是其母化为石后崩裂而出的神话传说 ,原型是夏启之母在生启时 ,因难产而死。传说中“黄帝四面”的神话 ,曾被孔子解释成黄帝派使臣于四方 ,但在出土汉简中明确记述说黄帝有四张面孔 ,不过这应是宗庙中有四面的祭主之状。虹霓神话传说及形成原因甚多 ,据殷墟甲骨文来看 ,其原型是长有两个龙头且能以头入河流水溪饮水的动物。而子弹库楚帛书整合了上古零碎的创世神话资料 ,成为我国迄今能见到的最完整的创世神话故事。出土文献为古代神话原型的研究提供了最新资料 。

From the unearthed written data, it is discernable that the touching legendary love story between Niu Lang, a parentless poor young farmer, and Zhi Nv, daughter of Lord of Heaven, has a prototype of a marriage tragedy of which Niu Lang abandoned Zhi Nv a couple of times. Xia Hou Qi is a mythological legendary story in which he came out of a stone that burst apart into which his mother had changed; and the prototype is that when his mother was given birth to him, she died from dystocia. The ”Huang Di Si Mian” was interpreted by Confucius as that Yellow Emperor once dispatched his envoys to all directions; but the unearthed Han bamboo slips explicitly record that Huang Di (Yellow Emperor) was four-faced, the contenance of which should be nothing but the appearance of the joss in ancestral temples. The mythological legends of Hong Ni and their formation reasons count many; but according to the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yin Xu, Henan Province, the prototype is an animal with two heads of dragon which could stretch its heads into rivers or brooks to drink. Zi Dan Ku Cu Bo Shu integrates all the fragmentary legendary data of creation in ancient times, which have become the most complete creation legend stories one could read. The unearthed documents have supplied the latest materials for studying antient mythological prototypes, and also the newest angle for the mythological prototype study.