作物杂种优势遗传基础研究进展

Progresses in the Study on the Genetic Basis of Heterosis in Crops

杂种优势是生物界的一种普遍现象,可以大幅度提高作物产量和改良作物品质,具有巨大的商用价值。杂种优势遗传基础的研究一直是近百年来遗传和育种学家研究的热点和难点问题。笔者综述了杂种优势遗传基础的两个经典假说-显性假说和超显性假说的基本观点、不足之处。同时概括了利用分子生物学手段解释杂种优势遗传基础的一些新的学术见解,如:上位性效应与杂种优势、基因网络系统与杂种优势、遗传平衡与杂种优势、活性基因效应与杂种优势、遗传差异与杂种优势、QTL效应与杂种优势、基因表达调控与杂种优势,并列举了部分学说的分子证据。以期使人们能够了解杂种优势遗传基础的发展历程和最新研究动态。

Heterosis was the universal phenomena in biology. Which could increase the production and improve the quality of crops, had enormously commercial value. The genetic basis of heterosis had been the hotspot and difficulty in research for genetic and breeding scientists during the past near 100 years. The classical hypotheses-dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis were reviewed and evaluated in this article. Some new opinions about genetic basis of heterosis were summed up either, such as epistasis and heterosis, the system of genie net and heterosis, genetic balance and heterosis, the effect of active gene and heterosis, genetic difference and heterosis, QTL effect and heterosis, expression and regulation of gene and heterosis. Molecular evidence of some theories was provided too.The aim was to help people know of developing course and grasp the researching trends of genetic basis of heterosis.