1Carlabbott, "The International. City Hypothesis, An Approach to the Recent History of U.S. Cities", in Journal of Urban History,November 1997,p.31
2Anthony D. King, Urbanism Colonialism, and the World- Economy: Cultural and Special Foundations of the World Urban System, London 1990.
3J. M. S. Careless, Frontierism, Metropolitanism, and Canadian History, in Canadian Historical Renew, Vol. 35. 1954
4Metropolis and Region: the Interplay between City and Region in Canada History before 1914. in Urban History Review Apr. 1979. No.3
5Roderick D. Mckenzie, "The Concept of Dominance and World - Organization, ' American Journal of Sociology 33. July 1927. Cited from Carlabbott, op. cit. p35.
6Gottman, Coming of the Transactiorud City ; Matthew P.Drennan, in "Gateway Cities: The Metropolitian Sources of U. S.Producer Service Exports," Urban Studies 29, April 1992, Cited from Carlabott, op. cit. p.39.
7Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton University Press 1991