差比句否定形式的语义特征及其语用解释

Semantic Features and Pragmatic Interpretations on Negative Disparity Sentence

文章考察两类表示程度差别的比较句 (本文称为差比句 ) :(1 )X不比YW ;(2 )X没有YW(X、Y表示用来比较的前后项 ,W表示结论项 )。这两类形式的差比句在意义上和结构上有一些值得注意的现象 ,其中第一类否定句在意义上有两种意义 ,第二类否定句只有一种意义。本文从逻辑、语义范畴的特征、语用等方面试作解释 ,认为第一类否定句的两种意义源自相应的肯定句只有一种意义 ,第二类否定句的语义单一性来自相应的肯定句有两种蕴涵义。从表层看 ,否定词是对句子结论项的否定 ,是一种狭域否定 ,实际上都是对整个命题的否定 ,是一种广域否定。文章在此基础上提出对否定式差比句的研究应将结构、语义、语用联系起来考察。文章还从英汉对比的角度对这一问题进行了讨论。

Two kinds of disparity sentences are surveyed in this paper which includes:(1)X不比YW;(2)X没有YW.These two kinds of sentences take on some characteristics both in meanings and in constructions that should be paid attention to. The former has two meanings and the latter has one meaning. Based on logic semantic categories and pragmatics, the paper gives the point that two meanings of the former are due to its corresponding affirmative sentence with only one meaning and the singularity of the latter is caused by its corresponding affirmative sentence with two implied meanings. Superficially, negative words are to negate the concluding items, which is a negation of narrow scope. In fact, the negative words are to negate the proposition including them, which is a negation of broad scope.As a conclusion,the study on negative disparity sentences should be related to syntax, semantics and pragmatics.