汉语的主题及汉语句子的基本格局——从汉日对比的角度

Topic and Basic Sentence Patterns in Chinese——as Compared with those in Japanese

汉语的句首名词性成分到底是什么 ,至今尚无定论。从汉日对比的角度出发 ,通过分析主谓谓语句、定语从句的主谓结构 ,指出汉语句子句首名词性成分和主谓结构中的“主语”存在质的差别 ,不能将它们不加区分地都称为“主语”。句首名词性成分由于有统辖全局的功能、它和谓语部分的动词关系复杂 ,应叫做主题 ;主谓结构中的“小主语”与该结构中的动词关系单纯 ,一般是施事 ,而且其作用只局限于主谓结构内部 ,应叫做主语。汉语句子的基本格局是“主题 +陈述”

There is no consensus yet on the nature of the sentence initial nominal element in Chinese. From a comparative point of view, this paper makes an analysis of the subject predicate structure of S P predicate sentences and attributive clauses in Chinese. Substantial differences are found to exist between the sentence initial nominal element and the“subject”in a subject predicate structure. The sentence initial nominal element, which governs the whole sentence and has a complicated relationship with the predicative verb, should be called“topic”,whereas the“secondary subject”in a subject predicate structure, which has a simple relationship with the verb in the structure, should be called“subject”. “Topic+Comment”is considered the basic structure of a Chinese sentence.