论汉语的结构意义和词汇标记之关系——有定和无定范畴对汉语句法结构的影响

On the interaction of syntacticstructure and lexical markers—the effect of the expression of definiteness on Chinese syntax

有定和无定语法范畴是制约一种语言句法结构的最重要因素之一。本文通过对汉语中这种现象的分析,探讨词汇标记和句法结构意义之间的相互作用关系,以及与此有关的一系列句法规律。确定汉语的句法结构赋义规律为,谓语动词之前的名词被自动赋予有定性,之后的则被赋予无定性。但是还存在着词汇标记优先的原则,具有词汇标记的成分不受该结构赋义规律的限制。本文解释为什么名量词重叠和疑问代词表示遍指要居于谓语动词之前的原因。文章还从类型学的角度来观察汉语的特点,指出其它语言运用语法标记表示的功能范畴,汉语则往往用语序来表示,这种语序意义又受词汇形式的影响,结果就形成了汉语中丰富多采的语法现象。

It is cross-linguistically true that the grammatical categories 'definiteness' and 'indefiniteness' impose a significant effect on the texture of grammar. Through investigating this effect on Chinese grammar, this paper addresses the interaction between syntactic structure and lexical markers, an operation responsible for many other grammatical rules. The default structure of the Chinese sentence automatically assigns a [+definite] feature to the preverbal noun and a [-definite] feature to the postverbal noun. But this structurally semantic assignment is overridden by lexical marking. This paper has identified the motivations for several important phenomena such as the syntactic behavior of the 'universal reference' use of the noun/classifier reduplication and interrogative pronouns. Also, we have explored the typology of Chinese grammar in relation to definiteness.