对清末至民国年间呼伦贝尔地方公文中使用满文情况的考察

A Survey of the Use of Manchu in the Local Official Documents in Hulunbeir between the End of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

一般认为，满文作为“国书”在清代前期的公文中曾经广泛使用，但在清后期则逐渐退出历史舞台。民国年间呼伦贝尔副都统衙门公文仍然用满文书写，同当时该衙门及其所辖驻防八旗体制的长期存在和清代对满文的尊崇与公文应用满文的规定有关。尽管全国范围内满文早已停用，但该衙门档案满文在书写、遣词造句等方面仍相当标准规范，这是满文发展史上的特殊现象。只有对一般和特殊情况进行分析研究、考察了解，才能全面把握满文发展的历程轨迹。

It is generally held that Manchu was once widely use d in the official documents in the early stages of the Qing Dynasty as the “national written language”. However, by the later stages of the Qing Dynasty, it was phased out of use. During the years of the Republic of China, Manchu was still used in the offic ial documents of Hulunbeir's Deputy General's Yamen, which was attributed to the Yamen and the long term existence of the Eight Banner System under its jurisd ic tion as well as the worship of Manchu and the then provisions for the use of Man chu. Though it was long out of use on a national scale, the writing , wordin g and phrasing of Manchu was quite standardized in the archives of the Yamen, wh ich was rare in the development history of Manchu. Only after an analysis, resea rch and survey of the generality and particularity can there be a comprehensive understanding of the historic development of Manchu.