近代华北农村人口消长及其流动——兼论黄宗智“没有发展的增长”说

Population Change and Mobility in Modern Rural North China

清代咸丰朝以后 ,华北四省的人口数量一直呈增长趋势 ,这一地区出现了人满为患的局面。严重的人口压力和由此产生的谋求基本生存条件的迫切需要 ,造成了华北地区人口成百万地向东北和内蒙古地区迁移。在人口压力的驱动下 ,近代华北农村技术经济作物的扩大 ,亦农亦商的普遍趋向 ,以副补农的普遍存在等 ,都可以视为农业经济发展的表征。判断明清以来中国农业有无发展 ,并不能仅仅局限于单位工作日劳动生产率的狭窄范畴。衡量农业发展的标准 。

This article deals with the proposition of an increase without development, a thesis formulated by Prof. Philip Huang, and examines demographic changes in modern rural North China. A welldeveloped agricultural economy is demonstrated by the expansion of technical and industrial crops, and the widespread coexistence of agriculture and commerce, and sideline production and farming, all of which are the result of an increasing population pressure. Whether or not Chinese agriculture developed during the MingQing period should not be judged simply in terms of production efficiency per unit. The criteria for evaluation should also include both production forces and relations of production.