试析熙丰之际御史台的畸形状态

The Abnormal State of the Yu Shi Tai in the Xining and Yuanfeng Periods of the Song Dynasty

宋神宗熙宁、元丰时期 ,最高监察机构———御史台呈现出一种畸形状态。具体表现为 :三院御史中地位较高的侍御史极少除授 ,殿中侍御史全无 ,监察御史亦几乎全属试用性质的“里行” ,并有长期建员不足、任期太短、迁罢太速的现象。出现这种状态的原因是多方面的 ,但仁宗以来严密的御史选任制度遭到全面破坏则是最直接的因素。这一现象的出现亦非偶然 ,乃当时变法者有意为之。王安石诸人为实施变法而控制御史台 ,似无可厚非 ,但严重破坏了监察制度 ,开了权臣操纵御史的先例 。

During the Xining and Yuanfeng reign periods of the Song dynasty, the central government censorate, the Yu Shi Tai, and its three major divisions were in chaos. For example, the formal appointment of shiyushi (attendant censor), the most important position in the three divisions, rarely occurred, and of the other two major positions, the dianzhong shiyushi (palace censor) was left vacant, and the jiancha yushi (investigating censor)only operated on probation. This was accompanied by an excessive number of vacant positions, too short a term in office and too much mobility. Although there were many reasons for this, the most direct was the collapse of the strict system of selecting censors since Emperor Renzong. This was intentional on the part of reformers such as Wang Anshi who needed to take control of the Yushitai in the interests of his reform. In doing so, however, he destroyed the surveillance system, which was disastrous for the political situation in the Song dynasty.