论市民——兼论公民

本文力图研究市民与公民的区别,以此确定我国民法典的人性标准。为此研究了罗马法中的、封建时代的和民族国家时代的市民的行为方式,得出的结论是,在罗马法时代,市民与公民并无明确的区分,法律对主体提出了较高的人性标准;在封建时代,尽管产生了市民的术语,但它所蕴含的行为方式也难以与公民相区分;到了民族国家时代,经过理论家的加工,市民才成为自利的行为方式的代名词。作者认为,在民法典中,不宜采用统一的人性标准,在起社会组织功能的人法中,可采用公民的人性标准;在起稀缺资源分配法功能的物法中,则可采取市民的人性标准。

The author trys to study on the differenc between the concept of burgher and that of citizen in order to define the nature of humanity for the civil code of PRC.He has researched the behavioural mode of citizen-burgher in the times of Roman law,of feudalism and of national states.His conclusion is:In the time of Roman law,there was no concept of burgher in the law,therefore the law established a higher criterion to the subjects.Although appreared the word of burgher in the feudal epoch,the behavioural mode embodied in it was difficult to distinguish itself from the be-havioural mode of citizen.Only up to the era of national states,burgher became a syn onym of self-ish behavioural mode by a process ing of theoretician.The author believes that it's inad visable to adopt a uniform criterion of nature of humanity in a civil code.It's advisable to adopt a criterion of nature of humanity for citizens in the personal law that has a function of social organi zation.As a contrast,people can adopt a criterion of nature of humanity for burgher in real law that has a func-tion to distribute scarce resources in a society.