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6R. Kent Guy, Who Were the Manchus? A Review Essay. Journal of Asian Studies, 61, no. 1 (February 2002), p.152
7Pamela K. Crossley, Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990)
8James M. Polachek, The Inner Opium War (Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 1992)
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