被字句和把字句的对称与不对称

Symmetries and asymmetries between Bei construction and Ba construction

本文探讨被字句和把字句在句式语义和句子结构方面的异同。被字句和把字句跟普通"主动宾"句比较,都以"强影响性"和"弱施动性"为特点。"把/被句"蕴含强影响性;"主动宾"句蕴含强施动性。这是被字句和把字句的共性。被字句和把字句句式语义上的差异,可以概括为直接受影响与间接受影响、直接使因与间接使因之间的差别。而这些差异都有认知语言学上的句法临摹动因。汉语里句首位置公认是对论元角色约束力最低的。所以可以容纳语义较为间接的成分;介词宾语位置则总是被介词明确指派了论元角色的,所以语义往往比较具体。被字句和把字句的差异又可在句子结构层次上统一起来。

This paper observes the symmetries and asymmetries between Bei construction and Ba con- struction from syntactic and semantic perspectives as following. On the one hand, both the two constructions show high-transitivity property in the features of higher affectedness and lower a- gency. On the other hand, the 'affectee' and 'causer' in two constructions differ in direct affect- edness vs. indirect affectedness, and direct causation vs. indirect causation. These differences can be interpreted by a uniform reason on syntagmatic iconicity of sentence: an indirect role tends to occupy external argument position while a direct role tends to occupy the internal argument posi- tion assigned by prepositions Bei and Ba.