从周口店早期工作看裴文中先生对史前考古学的贡献──纪念裴文中先生诞辰90周年

PROFESSOR PEI WENZHONG'S CONTRIBUTION TO PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY DURING THE EARLY DAYS OF ZHOUKOUDIAN EXCAVATION: IN COMMEMORATION OF THE 90 th ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF PROFESSOR PEI WENZHONG

今年是著名的史前考古学家、第四纪哺乳动物学家裴文中教授诞辰９０周年。裴文中教授的研究兴趣甚广，本文仅从周口店早期工作这一侧面来探讨先生对中国旧石器时代考古学乃至对世界史前学的贡献，以志纪念。由于先生刻苦学习，认真工作，潜心研究。求知创新，在中国旧石器时代考古学方法论上和研究思想等方面提出了一系列有指导性的意见，为周口店地点群在史前学中的科学地位奠定了坚实的基础，也使他成为埋藏学研究的先驱和中国旧石器时代考古学的奠基人。

Professor Pei Wenzhong (1904-1982) was a famous paleolithic archaeologist and paleontologist. He graduated from the Department of Geology of Peking University in 1927 and joined the excavation at Zhoukoudian in 1928. He had been responsible for excavation from 1929-1935. During that time, localities 1, 3, 15, 13 and the Upper Cave were being excavated under his leadership. From October of 1935 to July of 1937 he studied prehistoric archaeology with H. Breuil in Paris and got Ph. D. from the University of Paris (France) in June, 1937. Then he returned to Beijing and was in charge of affairs of the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey where he continued to study stone artifacts and mammalian fossils from some localities in Zhoukoudian region up to the end of 1941. During 1928-1941 or in the early stage of the Zhoukoudian excavation, he worked hard himself and got a number of research results. This paper briefly describes Prof. Pei's main contributions to prehistoric archaeology through the reviewing of his works, in the early stage of Zhoukoudian excavation and commemorates the 90th anniversary of his birthday. He found the first skull of Sinanthropus po4inensis (Homo crectus at Zhoukoudian). The discovery of Sinanthropus pekinensis proved significant in the paleoanthropology. In the same year; he began to study and collect the cultural relics. He gathered the clearly burned and partly burned mammalian bones and antlers which were usually broken. In 1930 he found the stone artifacts from the lower cave of locality 1. From Q2 of Gezitang (Kotzetang) cave of Loc. 1 was excayated a lot of remains of fire using and many stone artifacts made of quartz and other kinds of rocks were encountered by him in 1931. Because the remains of fire using and stone artifacts were with the human fossils found archaeologists believe that locality 1 is a very significant paleolithic cultural site which revealed that the beginning of fire using by human beings had started in the early paleolithic age, instead of middle paleolithic age (Mousterian). Prof. Pei's works indicate Sinanthropus is a primitive man who knew how to make stone artifacts and used fire. He pointed out 'it becomes evident therefore that in north eastern Asia at this remote ageman asrepresented by Sinanthroput, both knew the use of fire and had already mastered the technique of the manufacture of crude stone artifacts' in the first paper on the studying of stone artifacts made by Sinanthropus published in 1931. Due to the discovery of the remains of fire using and stone artifacts Prof. Pei went on the reform of the excavation method at Zhoukoudian in 1932. He abolished the previously paleontological excavation method and adopted the archaeological excavation one. Till 1934 a series of standard process and recording method in the excavation at Zhoukoudian were established under his direction. The working methods which were used in excavation at Zhoukoudian in the early stage of the 1930's are considered in the leading method in the prehistoric circle at that time. Until 1938 many stone artifacts and other cultural relics from different sites and different stages, such as localities: 1, 15, 13,4, 3 and Upper Cave hava been found in Zhoukoudian region. On the basis of the materials from the sites mentioned and other paleolithic cultural remains from North China, he had primarily established the first paleolithic cultural sequence in China in 1939: the early paleolithic stage (representing localities 13 and 1 at Zhoukoudian); the late stage of early paleolithic or early stage of the middle paleolithic (localities 15 and 3); the middle paleolithic or late stage of the middle paleolithic ('Ordos Culture') and the late paleolithic (Upper Cave Culture). According to the paleolithic materials found in North China, Prof. Pei first recognized that the paleolithic industry in China has some distinguishing features,subsequently, he made a comparative study of paleolithic industry between China and Europe and he pointed out that the paleolithic industry between Eas