塔里木油田开发对野生脊椎动物的影响

The Influence of Oil Field Development of Tarim Basin

塔里木是我国最大的内陆盆地，面积５６万ｋｍ２，因位于欧亚大陆腹地，是世界上最干旱的地区，又由于四周高山环绕两封闭，分布有较多的特有动物种群。已知盆地中分布有脊椎动物２７２种，其中引进的２７种，在２４５土著种中，有鱼类１６种，两栖类３种，爬行类１３种，鸟类１８３种，兽类３０种，其中１９８８年我国规定的珍稀保护动物有４８种。自１９８４年在沙参２井发现石油以来，经过大规模勘探，在塔里木盆地发现了塔北、塔中、塔西南三大油田共１４个储油构造，在１９９５年仅塔北油田将达到年产石油５００万吨的规模。在石油勘探、开发中，塔里木盆地原始生态环境和野生动物受到了巨大影响。油田区野生动物生境可分为绿洲农田、荒漠、胡杨林、盐化草甸及水城区，各分布有不同类型的野生动物，其中以绿洲农田区生态优势度最大，动物种数最多；荒漠区最低，动物种数最少。在油田开发生产过程中，野生动物受影响最小的是绿洲农田区，受影响最大的是胡杨林区。钻井油池导致水禽死亡影响较大。穿越塔克拉玛干的沙漠公路将把沙漠中野骆驼分布区分为两部分。在油田勘探期对野生动物影响面积最大，到开发采油期影响将逐步缩小。为加强塔里木盆地动物保护，需增建自然保护区，加强管理及宣传工作。

arim is the biggest basin in our country,and has mang special animals. In this basin,272 species of Verreorate is distributed. According to our government stipulation in 1988, there is 48 species of rare protective animals. Since 1984,oil workers have undergone a large scale exploration in Shashen No.2 and discovered 14 oil-bearing structure.They locate to the north, the south and the centre of Tarim oil field. In 1995, the output of petroleum will be 5×106 tons only in the north of Tarim oil field.Oil field developing and exploirating have produced a great impact on original ecology and wild animal. In oil field area, living environment of wild animal can be divided into five sorts: oasis farmland, desert, diversiform-leaved poplar forest area, saline soil and water area. There are different varieties of animals in different area. The oases farmland has high ecological dominant position and the most varieties of animcls, while the desert has not.During oil field developaent, wild animals living in the oasis farmland only ercounter a few impact,but in diversiform-leaved poplar forest area they will receive great inflicks. The possibility that oil pond leads waterfowl to die is very great. Desert highway pass through Takelamagan may divide wild camel surroundings into two parts.During the oil well exploitation a large area will be influence on wild animal, until the developing period, it will be getting smaller and smaller.In order to serengthen animal protection, new natural protection area meeds to be built to enhance management and propagation.